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The Louisiana State Penitentiary (LSP, also known as Angola, and nicknamed the "Alcatraz of the South" and "The Farm"〔Sutton, Keith "Catfish." "(Out There: Angola angling )." ESPN Outdoors''. May 31, 2006. Retrieved on August 25, 2010.〕) is a maximum security prison farm in Louisiana operated by the Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections. It is named Angola after the name of the country the slaves for this former plantation came from.〔Leeper, Clare d'Artois. (Angola )." ''Louisiana Places: a Collection of the Columns from the Baton Rouge Sunday Advocate, 1960-1974''. Legacy Publishing Company, 1976. Retrieved on September 24, 2011. "Angola (West Feliciana) is the name of the post office that serves the Louisiana Slate Penitentiary, and the two names are now used interchangeably."〕 It is the largest maximum security prison in the United States〔Oshinsky, David. "(The View From Inside )." ''The New York Times''. June 11, 2010. Retrieved on August 24, 2010.〕 with 6,300 offenders and 1,800 staff. It is located on an property that was previously the Angola and other plantations owned by Isaac Franklin in unincorporated West Feliciana Parish, directly adjacent to the Mississippi state line. The prison is located at the end of Louisiana Highway 66, around northwest of St. Francisville. Angola is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River. Since 1995, Burl Cain has been the warden. Death row for men and the state execution chamber for both sexes are located at the Angola facility. ==History== Before 1835, state inmates lived in a jail in New Orleans. The first Louisiana State Penitentiary, located at the intersection of 6th and Laurel streets in Baton Rouge, was modeled on a prison in Wethersfield, Connecticut. In 1844 the state leased the prison and its prisoners to McHatton Pratt and Company, a private company. Union soldiers occupied the prison during the Civil War. In 1869 Samuel Lawrence James, a former confederate major, received the lease to the prison.〔"(History Of The Prison )." Louisiana State Penitentiary. Retrieved on August 24, 2010.〕 The land that has become Angola Penitentiary was purchased by Isaac Franklin from Francis Routh during the 1830s with the profits from his slave trading firm, Franklin and Armfield, of Alexandria, Virginia and Natchez, Mississippi as four contiguous plantations. These plantations, Panola, Belle View, Killarney and Angola, were joined during their sale by Franklin's widow, Adelicia Cheatham, to James in 1880. The plantation, named after the country in Africa where the former slaves came from, contained a building called the Old Slave Quarters.〔 (www.corrections.state.la.us "HISTORY OF ANGOLA" )〕 Major Samuel James ran the plantation using convicts leased from the state, which led to a great deal of abuse.〔(www.burkfoster.com "Major James and the Origins of Modern Corrections in Louisiana" )〕 James died in 1894. The Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections states that the facility opened as a prison in 1901.〔"(Time in Prison )." Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections. 32/40. Retrieved on September 23, 2010.〕 Charles Wolfe and Kip Lornell, authors of ''The Life and Legend of Leadbelly'', said that Angola was "probably as close to slavery as any person could come in 1930." Hardened criminals broke down upon being notified that they were being sent to Angola. Around that year, white-black racial tensions existed and each year one in every ten inmates received stab wounds. Wolfe and Lornell said that the staff, consisting of 90 people, "ran the prison like it was a private fiefdom."〔Wolfe, Charles K. and Kip Lornell. ''The Life and Legend of Leadbelly''. Da Capo Press, 1999. (100 ). Retrieved from ''Google Books'' on August 25, 2010. ISBN 0-306-80896-X, 9780306808968〕 The two authors said that prisoners were viewed as "'niggers' of the lowest order."〔Wolfe, Charles K. and Kip Lornell. ''The Life and Legend of Leadbelly''. Da Capo Press, 1999. (101 ). Retrieved from ''Google Books'' on August 25, 2010. ISBN 0-306-80896-X, 9780306808968〕 The state did not appropriate many funds for the operation of Angola, as it saved money by trying to decrease costs. Much of the remaining money ended up in the operations of other state projects; Wolfe and Lornell said that the re-appropriation of funds occurred "mysteriously."〔 In 1935, remains of a Native American individual were taken from Angola and were donated to the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science.〔"(Page 77907-77908 )." National Park Service. December 13, 2000. Volume 65, Number 240. Retrieved on October 13, 2010.〕 In 1948, Governor Earl Kemp Long named Rollo C. Lawrence, a former mayor of Pineville, as the first Angola superintendent. He subsequently brought back the position of warden as one of political patronage. Long appointed distant relatives as wardens of the prison.〔Harper, Stephen J. ''Crossing Hoffa: A Teamster's Story''. Minnesota Historical Society, 2007. (36 ). Retrieved from Google Books on March 14, 2011. ISBN 0-87351-580-3, ISBN 978-0-87351-580-1.〕 In the institution's history, the electric chair, Gruesome Gertie, was stored at Angola; the state transported the chair to the parish of conviction of a condemned prisoner before executing him or her.〔Harper, Stephen J. ''Crossing Hoffa: A Teamster's Story''. Minnesota Historical Society, 2007. (41 ). Retrieved from Google Books on March 14, 2011. ISBN 0-87351-580-3, ISBN 978-0-87351-580-1.〕 A former Angola prisoner, William Sadler (also called "Wooden Ear" because of hearing loss he suffered after a prison attack), wrote a series of articles about Angola entitled "Hell on Angola" in the 1940s which helped bring about prison reform.〔(www.angolamuseum.org "Hell on Angola - the Wooden Ear Series" )〕 In 1952, 31 inmates, in protest of the prison's conditions, cut their Achilles' tendons (referred to as the Heel String Gang.)〔(www.billygraham.org "Set Free in Angola Prison" )〕 This caused national news agencies to write stories about Angola.〔Harper, Stephen J. ''Crossing Hoffa: A Teamster's Story''. Minnesota Historical Society, 2007. (42 ). Retrieved from Google Books on March 14, 2011. ISBN 0-87351-580-3, ISBN 978-0-87351-580-1.〕 In its November 22, 1952 issue,〔 ''Collier's Magazine'' referred to Angola as "the worst prison in America."〔Stein, Joel. "(The Lessons of Cain )." ''TIME''. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.〕 On December 5, 1956, five men escaped by digging out of the prison grounds and swimming across the Mississippi River. Robert Wallace, 25, Wallace McDonald, 23, Vernon Roy Ingram, 21, Glenn Holiday, 20 and Frank Verbon Gann, 30. The 〔"Hope Star" newspaper (Hope, AK)12/06/56 p.10 and 12/29/56 p. 3〕 Hope Star newspaper reported only one body pulled from the river (believed to be Wallace). McDonald was recaptured later in Texas, after returning to the United States from Mexico. McDonald stated that two of his fellow escapees drowned but this was disputed by then warden Maurice Sigler. Warden Sigler stated that he believed no more than one inmate drowned. His men found three clear sets of tracks climbing up the river bank. Gann's family wrote to the warden on multiple occasions, requesting he declare the man dead to free up benefits for his children. Although the family has never heard again from Frank Gann, Warden Sigler remained adamant to the end that Gann had successfully escaped and was likely in Mexico. Frank Gann was imprisoned in Angola after escaping from the Opelousas Parish Jail on April 29, 1956, where he was serving a charge for car theft. Gann, a renowned ladies' man, had borrowed his girlfriend's car to visit another woman. The woman scorned reported her car as stolen and he was arrested. An officer was injured in his first escape and Gann's recapture put him in Angola for what was to be an additional seven-year sentence. Some of his relatives believe he met his end in the Mississippi and others hope it was Mexico in the arms of a woman. All are glad he did not fall in Angola. In 1961, female inmates were moved to the newly-opened Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women.〔"(LOUISIANA CORRECTINS TIMELINE )." ''The Advocate''. March 12, 2000. News 13A. Retrieved on August 29, 2010. "1961 Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women opened in an old prison farm camp at St Gabriel with female prisoners moved from Angola..."〕 In 1971 the American Bar Association criticized the state of Angola. Linda Ashton of the ''Associated Press'' said that the bar association described Angola's conditions as "medieval, squalid and horrifying."〔Ashton, Linda. "Louisiana Inmates Blame Unrest on Governor : Roemer's Stinginess With Clemency Has Created 'Time Bomb,' Lifers Claim" ''Associated Press'' at the ''Los Angeles Times''. July 23, 1989. (2 ). Retrieved on March 22, 2011.〕 In 1972, Elayne Hunt, a reforming director of corrections, was appointed by Governor Edwin Edwards, and the U.S. courts in ''Gates v. Collier'' ordered Louisiana to clean up Angola once and for all, ending the Trustee-Officer and Trusty systems.〔 〕 In 1975 U.S. District Judge Frank Polozola of Baton Rouge, Louisiana declared conditions at Angola to be in a state of emergency. The state installed Ross Maggio as the warden; prisoners nicknamed Maggio "the gangster" because he strictly adhered to rules. Ashton said that by most accounts Maggio successfully improved conditions.〔 Maggio retired in 1984.〔Ashton, Linda. "Louisiana Inmates Blame Unrest on Governor : Roemer's Stinginess With Clemency Has Created 'Time Bomb,' Lifers Claim" ''Associated Press'' at the ''Los Angeles Times''. July 23, 1989. (3 ). Retrieved on March 22, 2011.〕 In the 1980s Kirksey McCord Nix Jr. perpetrated the "Angola Lonely Hearts" scam from within the prison.〔Shapiro, Dean M. "(The Angola Lonely Hearts Club )." ''Crime Library''. Retrieved on July 25, 2010.〕 On June 21, 1989, Polozola declared a new state of emergency at LSP.〔 In 1993 LSP officers fatally shot 29-year-old escapee Tyrone Brown.〔"(Angola escapee ignores warnings, is fatally shot )." ''The Advocate''. January 3, 1993. Retrieved on August 16, 2010.〕 In 1999 six inmates who were serving life sentences for murder took three officers hostage in Camp D. The hostage takers bludgeoned and fatally stabbed 49-year-old Captain David Knapps. Armed officers ended the rebellion by shooting the inmates, killing one, 26-year-old Joel Durham, and seriously wounding another.〔Sack, Kevin. "(2 Die in Louisiana Prison Hostage-Taking )." ''The New York Times''. December 30, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.〕 In Stephen King's book ''The Green Mile'' and the adapted movie ''The Green Mile'', the fictional setting of the Louisiana Cold Mountain Penitentiary was loosely based on life on death row at Angola in the 1930s. In 2004 Paul Harris of ''The Guardian'' said "Unsurprisingly, Angola has always been famed for brutality, riots, escape and murder."〔Harris, Paul. "(America's hell-hole jail finds God - and redemption )." ''The Guardian''. August 29, 2004. Retrieved on November 2, 2010.〕 On August 31, 2008, New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin stated in a press conference that anyone arrested for looting during the evacuation of the city due to Hurricane Gustav would not be housed in the city/parish jail, but instead sent directly to LSP to await trial.〔"(Gustav bears down on Gulf Coast )." ''Chicago Tribune''. August 31, 2008. Retrieved on July 3, 2015.〕 As evidence of how notorious the prison still was despite efforts to reform it, Nagin warned: In 2009, the prison reduced its budget by $12 million by "double bunking" (installing bunk beds to increase the capacity of dormitories), reducing overtime, and replacing officers with security cameras.〔Chacko, Sarah. "Warden, legislators look at Angola, budget." 2theadvocate. November 21, 2009. 1A. (1 ). Retrieved on October 19, 2010.〕 On March 11, 2014 Glenn Ford, a convicted murderer and Louisiana's longest-serving death row prisoner walked free after a court overturned his conviction a day earlier when petitioned by prosecutors. Ford had spent nearly three decades at the prison, 26 of them on death row.〔"(Judge vacates conviction to set free man on death row )." ''Louisiana State News.Net''. March 12, 2014. Retrieved on March 12, 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Louisiana State Penitentiary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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